{"id":1260,"date":"2026-05-12T21:47:14","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T21:47:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/chapter\/management-of-groundwater-contamination\/"},"modified":"2026-05-13T03:19:39","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T03:19:39","slug":"management-of-groundwater-contamination","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/chapter\/management-of-groundwater-contamination\/","title":{"raw":"12.5 Management of Groundwater Contamination","rendered":"12.5 Management of Groundwater Contamination"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"management-of-groundwater-contamination\" class=\"level1\">\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\r\n\r\nThere are a variety of actions that can be taken to manage groundwater contamination including:\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>source removal (e.g., digging up the source);<\/li>\r\n \t<li>containment:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>an infiltration barrier, which is a very low permeability cap over the source,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cut-off walls around the source, and sometimes including the plume, which are created by digging trenches around the source and filling them with low permeability material such as bentonite clay,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>hydrodynamic isolation which involves creating a hydraulic barrier by injection and usually also withdrawal of groundwater to isolate the contaminated zone from the regional flow field, and<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>contaminant removal, including;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>pumping and treating the contaminated water,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>funnel and gate systems involving cutoff walls that direct flow through an emplaced material that reduces contamination by changing the Eh or pH, providing material for chemical reaction, or providing biota that can degrade the contaminant,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>skimmer pumps to remove floating liquid contaminants,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>soil vapor extraction for volatile contaminants,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>natural attenuation in which natural processes break down the contaminant into innocuous material, and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>in-situ bioremediation (natural attenuation expedited by introduction of something that breaks down the contaminants (e.g., microbes) or something that enhances the natural microbial population (e.g., nutrients, oxygen sources, carbon substrates, pH buffers, and specific electron donors or acceptors).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\r\n\r\nThe most common activity in contaminant remediation is pumping groundwater to capture contaminants. To implement this, one must estimate the number, locations and rate of pumping wells that will capture the contaminants. This is a useful concept to consider when striving to understand groundwater systems because it is applicable to more than remediation as it can define areas of recharge that should be protected to keep water supply wells safe, or to determine the extent of dewatering to allow excavation below the natural water table. Thus, capture zone analysis is discussed in Section 12.5.1.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"capture-zone-analysis\" class=\"level3\">\r\n<h3>Capture Zone Analysis<\/h3>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\r\n\r\nOne way of reducing contamination in the subsurface is through <em>pump\u2011and\u2011treat<\/em> remediation systems. These involve pumping water out through a well, treating it, and discharging the treated water back into the subsurface. When a well is pumped, there is a zone around the pumping well called a <em>zone of capture<\/em>. This zone corresponds to the cone of depression, and all the water within the zone of capture flows towards the well. In an aquifer with a perfectly horizontal potentiometric surface, the zone of capture is a circle\u2014or ellipse, if the aquifer is anisotropic. In the field, potentiometric surfaces generally slope, so the capture zone is an elongated area that extends slightly down\u2011gradient and mostly up\u2011gradient of the well. <a href=\"#Xc08a4abbb534ed24659f5605e9ff3b9b080a81d\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">Figure\u00a097<\/span><\/a> shows a cross\u2011section and a map of a capture zone in a homogeneous, isotropic aquifer. These images can be generated for different aquifer properties and pumping rates by superposing drawdowns calculated using the Theis equation on the regional hydraulic head surface. Superposition is described in Section 8.9.1.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"Captioned Figure\">\r\n\r\n<img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; ;width: 4.07571in; height: 4.52579in;\" src=\"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2026\/05\/file99-2.png\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"Block Text\">\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"figcaption-text\">\r\n\r\n<span id=\"Xc08a4abbb534ed24659f5605e9ff3b9b080a81d\" class=\"anchor\"><strong>Figure\u00a097\u00a0\u2011\u00a0<\/strong>a) Cross\u2011section of a capture zone (hatched area), showing the original potentiometric surface and the stagnation point; and b) map view of capture zone showing the flow divide (heavy black line) that delineates the zone.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\r\n\r\nThe pumping of groundwater reverses the gradient for a short distance down gradient of the well. The capture zone is surrounded by a flow divide with flow on one side of the divide flowing towards the pumping well and flow on the other side continuing down the natural gradient. Downgradient of the well is a <em>stagnation point<\/em>, which marks the downgradient limit of the capture zone and a point in the aquifer where flow away from the pumping well is balanced by flow towards the pumping well. The stagnation point is defined as an infinitesimally small point within the flow system at which the gradient is zero and the flow velocity is, therefore, also zero.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\r\n\r\nThe x coordinate of the stagnation zone, [latex]x_{o}[\/latex], can be calculated using Equation <a href=\"#X95f2b660f0d12fbe3334a286d5c2bad229740bd\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">(100)<\/span><\/a>, the maximum width of the capture zone, [latex]B[\/latex], can be calculated using Equation <a href=\"#X29b66f35d3a71adbbd27fa9765f3224dfd5cc7a\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">(101)<\/span><\/a>, and the x coordinate for a given half-width of the capture zone, [latex]y[\/latex], can be determined using Equation <a href=\"#Xa75ddaa221f8132f45d634d739771c50c92bf04\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">(102)<\/span><\/a>, such that the outline of the flow divide surrounding the capture zone can be mapped. The full theoretical foundation for the equations can be found in a publication by Grubb (1993).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 85%;\" data-custom-style=\"Table\"><colgroup> <col style=\"width: 8%;\" \/> <col style=\"width: 62%;\" \/> <col style=\"width: 14%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]x_{o} = \\frac{Q}{2\\pi Kib}[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\"><span id=\"X95f2b660f0d12fbe3334a286d5c2bad229740bd\" class=\"anchor\">(100)<\/span><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]B = 2y_{max =}\\frac{Q}{Kib}[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><span id=\"X29b66f35d3a71adbbd27fa9765f3224dfd5cc7a\" class=\"anchor\">(101)<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]x = \\frac{- y}{\\tan\\left( \\frac{2\\pi Kiby}{Q} \\right)}[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><span id=\"Xa75ddaa221f8132f45d634d739771c50c92bf04\" class=\"anchor\">(102)<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\r\n\r\nwhere (parameter dimensions are dark green font with mass as M, length as L, time as T):\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 85%;\" data-custom-style=\"Table\"><colgroup> <col style=\"width: 10%;\" \/> <col style=\"width: 5%;\" \/> <col style=\"width: 68%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]x_{o}[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<th>distance downgradient from the well where flow is stagnant (L)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>pumping rate (L<sup>3<\/sup>T<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]K[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>hydraulic conductivity (LT<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]i[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>regional gradient (:)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>b<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>aquifer thickness (L)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>B<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>width of the capture zone at its maximum width (L)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]y_{\\max}[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>half width of the capture zone at its maximum width (L)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]x[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>x coordinate where the width of the capture zone equals y (L)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">y<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>half width of the capture zone at its maximum width (L)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\r\n\r\nThe Groundwater Project provides an <a href=\"https:\/\/gw-project.org\/interactive-education\/well-capture\/\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">online interactive tool for exploring the nature of well capture zones<\/span><\/a>\u2197. <span id=\"extext26\" class=\"anchor\"><a href=\"\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/chapter\/exercise-26\/#exercise-26\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">Exercise 26<\/span><\/a>\u2ba7 offers an opportunity to consider how to limit pumping rate to avoid a spilled contaminant reaching a water supply well.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\r\n\r\nAlthough pump-and-treat is a common remediation method, it is also typically subject to failure. Causes of failure include inadequate capture zone analysis, sorbed contaminants released too slowly, contaminants in low permeability zones not captured, and vertical spreading of floating contaminants within the cone of depression. These difficulties can greatly increase the cost of remediation and ultimately reduce the effectiveness of site cleanup and remediation.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"management-of-groundwater-contamination\" class=\"level1\">\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\n<p>There are a variety of actions that can be taken to manage groundwater contamination including:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>source removal (e.g., digging up the source);<\/li>\n<li>containment:\n<ul>\n<li>an infiltration barrier, which is a very low permeability cap over the source,<\/li>\n<li>cut-off walls around the source, and sometimes including the plume, which are created by digging trenches around the source and filling them with low permeability material such as bentonite clay,<\/li>\n<li>hydrodynamic isolation which involves creating a hydraulic barrier by injection and usually also withdrawal of groundwater to isolate the contaminated zone from the regional flow field, and<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>contaminant removal, including;\n<ul>\n<li>pumping and treating the contaminated water,<\/li>\n<li>funnel and gate systems involving cutoff walls that direct flow through an emplaced material that reduces contamination by changing the Eh or pH, providing material for chemical reaction, or providing biota that can degrade the contaminant,<\/li>\n<li>skimmer pumps to remove floating liquid contaminants,<\/li>\n<li>soil vapor extraction for volatile contaminants,<\/li>\n<li>natural attenuation in which natural processes break down the contaminant into innocuous material, and<\/li>\n<li>in-situ bioremediation (natural attenuation expedited by introduction of something that breaks down the contaminants (e.g., microbes) or something that enhances the natural microbial population (e.g., nutrients, oxygen sources, carbon substrates, pH buffers, and specific electron donors or acceptors).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\n<p>The most common activity in contaminant remediation is pumping groundwater to capture contaminants. To implement this, one must estimate the number, locations and rate of pumping wells that will capture the contaminants. This is a useful concept to consider when striving to understand groundwater systems because it is applicable to more than remediation as it can define areas of recharge that should be protected to keep water supply wells safe, or to determine the extent of dewatering to allow excavation below the natural water table. Thus, capture zone analysis is discussed in Section 12.5.1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"capture-zone-analysis\" class=\"level3\">\n<h3>Capture Zone Analysis<\/h3>\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\n<p>One way of reducing contamination in the subsurface is through <em>pump\u2011and\u2011treat<\/em> remediation systems. These involve pumping water out through a well, treating it, and discharging the treated water back into the subsurface. When a well is pumped, there is a zone around the pumping well called a <em>zone of capture<\/em>. This zone corresponds to the cone of depression, and all the water within the zone of capture flows towards the well. In an aquifer with a perfectly horizontal potentiometric surface, the zone of capture is a circle\u2014or ellipse, if the aquifer is anisotropic. In the field, potentiometric surfaces generally slope, so the capture zone is an elongated area that extends slightly down\u2011gradient and mostly up\u2011gradient of the well. <a href=\"#Xc08a4abbb534ed24659f5605e9ff3b9b080a81d\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">Figure\u00a097<\/span><\/a> shows a cross\u2011section and a map of a capture zone in a homogeneous, isotropic aquifer. These images can be generated for different aquifer properties and pumping rates by superposing drawdowns calculated using the Theis equation on the regional hydraulic head surface. Superposition is described in Section 8.9.1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-custom-style=\"Captioned Figure\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; ;width: 4.07571in; height: 4.52579in;\" src=\"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2026\/05\/file99-2.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-custom-style=\"Block Text\">\n<blockquote>\n<div class=\"figcaption-text\">\n<p><span id=\"Xc08a4abbb534ed24659f5605e9ff3b9b080a81d\" class=\"anchor\"><strong>Figure\u00a097\u00a0\u2011\u00a0<\/strong>a) Cross\u2011section of a capture zone (hatched area), showing the original potentiometric surface and the stagnation point; and b) map view of capture zone showing the flow divide (heavy black line) that delineates the zone.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<div data-custom-style=\"First Paragraph\">\n<p>The pumping of groundwater reverses the gradient for a short distance down gradient of the well. The capture zone is surrounded by a flow divide with flow on one side of the divide flowing towards the pumping well and flow on the other side continuing down the natural gradient. Downgradient of the well is a <em>stagnation point<\/em>, which marks the downgradient limit of the capture zone and a point in the aquifer where flow away from the pumping well is balanced by flow towards the pumping well. The stagnation point is defined as an infinitesimally small point within the flow system at which the gradient is zero and the flow velocity is, therefore, also zero.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\n<p>The x coordinate of the stagnation zone, [latex]x_{o}[\/latex], can be calculated using Equation <a href=\"#X95f2b660f0d12fbe3334a286d5c2bad229740bd\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">(100)<\/span><\/a>, the maximum width of the capture zone, [latex]B[\/latex], can be calculated using Equation <a href=\"#X29b66f35d3a71adbbd27fa9765f3224dfd5cc7a\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">(101)<\/span><\/a>, and the x coordinate for a given half-width of the capture zone, [latex]y[\/latex], can be determined using Equation <a href=\"#Xa75ddaa221f8132f45d634d739771c50c92bf04\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">(102)<\/span><\/a>, such that the outline of the flow divide surrounding the capture zone can be mapped. The full theoretical foundation for the equations can be found in a publication by Grubb (1993).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 85%;\" data-custom-style=\"Table\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 8%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 62%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 14%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]x_{o} = \\frac{Q}{2\\pi Kib}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\"><span id=\"X95f2b660f0d12fbe3334a286d5c2bad229740bd\" class=\"anchor\">(100)<\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]B = 2y_{max =}\\frac{Q}{Kib}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><span id=\"X29b66f35d3a71adbbd27fa9765f3224dfd5cc7a\" class=\"anchor\">(101)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]x = \\frac{- y}{\\tan\\left( \\frac{2\\pi Kiby}{Q} \\right)}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><span id=\"Xa75ddaa221f8132f45d634d739771c50c92bf04\" class=\"anchor\">(102)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\n<p>where (parameter dimensions are dark green font with mass as M, length as L, time as T):<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 85%;\" data-custom-style=\"Table\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 10%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 5%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 68%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]x_{o}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/th>\n<th>distance downgradient from the well where flow is stagnant (L)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>pumping rate (L<sup>3<\/sup>T<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]K[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>hydraulic conductivity (LT<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]i[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>regional gradient (:)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>b<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>aquifer thickness (L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>B<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>width of the capture zone at its maximum width (L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]y_{\\max}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>half width of the capture zone at its maximum width (L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">[latex]x[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>x coordinate where the width of the capture zone equals y (L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">y<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]=[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>half width of the capture zone at its maximum width (L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\n<p>The Groundwater Project provides an <a href=\"https:\/\/gw-project.org\/interactive-education\/well-capture\/\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">online interactive tool for exploring the nature of well capture zones<\/span><\/a>\u2197. <span id=\"extext26\" class=\"anchor\"><a href=\"\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/chapter\/exercise-26\/#exercise-26\"><span data-custom-style=\"Hyperlink\">Exercise 26<\/span><\/a>\u2ba7 offers an opportunity to consider how to limit pumping rate to avoid a spilled contaminant reaching a water supply well.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-custom-style=\"Body Text\">\n<p>Although pump-and-treat is a common remediation method, it is also typically subject to failure. Causes of failure include inadequate capture zone analysis, sorbed contaminants released too slowly, contaminants in low permeability zones not captured, and vertical spreading of floating contaminants within the cone of depression. These difficulties can greatly increase the cost of remediation and ultimately reduce the effectiveness of site cleanup and remediation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":52,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1260","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1501,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1260\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1757,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1260\/revisions\/1757"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1501"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1260\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1260"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1260"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/basic-hydrogeology-an-introduction-to-the-fundamentals-of-groundwater-science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}