{"id":52,"date":"2022-07-13T17:38:24","date_gmt":"2022-07-13T17:38:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/chapter\/the-effect-of-temperature-on-fluoride-concentrations\/"},"modified":"2022-07-18T19:11:27","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T19:11:27","slug":"the-effect-of-temperature-on-fluoride-concentrations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/chapter\/the-effect-of-temperature-on-fluoride-concentrations\/","title":{"raw":"7.4  The Effect of Temperature on Fluoride Concentrations","rendered":"7.4  The Effect of Temperature on Fluoride Concentrations"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"the-effect-of-temperature-on-fluoride-concentrations\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Geothermal waters are known for having the highest geogenic F concentrations of any natural water, e.g., 1,980\u00a0mg\/kg in Rinc\u00f3n de la Vieja crater lake, Costa Rica (Kempter and Rowe, 2000) and 1,926\u00a0mg\/kg in Kawah Ijen crater lake, Indonesia (Delmelle et al., 2000). Outside of acid crater lakes, hot springs and geysers more commonly have F concentrations of 5 to 50\u00a0mg\/L (Deng et al., 2011). The subject of geothermal F is large enough to merit a separate paper which is being prepared. It should be noted, however, that the subject is of great importance to drinking water because when groundwater F is too high for drinking purposes, it is often caused by geothermal water leaking into an aquifer without an obvious increase in temperature (Armienta and Segovia, 2008; Carrillo-Rivera et al., 2002; Chae et al., 2007; Forrest et al., 2013; Murray, 1996b; Navarro et al., 2011; Parrone et al., 2020). A distinctive chemical feature of geothermal water is the associated elevation of Li, B, and As concentrations in addition to F (White, 1957). When ratioed to Cl, these elements differ little in water samples from deep drill holes compared to those in neutral-pH NaCl-type hot springs (Ellis and Mahon, 1964, 1977).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"the-effect-of-temperature-on-fluoride-concentrations\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Geothermal waters are known for having the highest geogenic F concentrations of any natural water, e.g., 1,980\u00a0mg\/kg in Rinc\u00f3n de la Vieja crater lake, Costa Rica (Kempter and Rowe, 2000) and 1,926\u00a0mg\/kg in Kawah Ijen crater lake, Indonesia (Delmelle et al., 2000). Outside of acid crater lakes, hot springs and geysers more commonly have F concentrations of 5 to 50\u00a0mg\/L (Deng et al., 2011). The subject of geothermal F is large enough to merit a separate paper which is being prepared. It should be noted, however, that the subject is of great importance to drinking water because when groundwater F is too high for drinking purposes, it is often caused by geothermal water leaking into an aquifer without an obvious increase in temperature (Armienta and Segovia, 2008; Carrillo-Rivera et al., 2002; Chae et al., 2007; Forrest et al., 2013; Murray, 1996b; Navarro et al., 2011; Parrone et al., 2020). A distinctive chemical feature of geothermal water is the associated elevation of Li, B, and As concentrations in addition to F (White, 1957). When ratioed to Cl, these elements differ little in water samples from deep drill holes compared to those in neutral-pH NaCl-type hot springs (Ellis and Mahon, 1964, 1977).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-52","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":132,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":282,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/revisions\/282"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/132"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=52"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=52"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=52"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}