{"id":144,"date":"2022-07-13T18:06:16","date_gmt":"2022-07-13T18:06:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/?post_type=part&p=144"},"modified":"2022-07-18T19:13:16","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T19:13:16","slug":"anthropogenic-sources-of-high-fluoride-groundwater","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/part\/anthropogenic-sources-of-high-fluoride-groundwater\/","title":{"raw":"10 Anthropogenic Sources of High-Fluoride Groundwater","rendered":"10 Anthropogenic Sources of High-Fluoride Groundwater"},"content":{"raw":"
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Anthropogenic sources of F can be produced by wastewater discharges and by atmospheric emissions. Such emissions are the largest of the industrial F releases, originating from coal-fired power plants, brick-making plants, ceramic industries, and aluminum smelters (Fuge, 2019). Coal combustion accounts for the largest source of anthropogenic emissions of F and has contaminated soils and crops. No cases of groundwater contamination from this source are known. Shallow groundwater contamination by F immediately below the Tiwai Point aluminum smelter in New Zealand has been reported but observation wells are not sufficient to delineate a plume of F in the groundwater. The smelter is situated on a spit surrounded by seawater at the southern tip of South Island, quite remote from any major residential or agricultural areas. The Kaiser Aluminum-Mead Works Potliner superfund site in the state of Washington, USA, has a documented 2-mile fluoride and cyanide groundwater plume which was discovered in 1978. Recent analyses indicate the main part of the plume to range from 10 to 75 mg F\/L (Hydrometrics, 2013).<\/p>\r\n

Most soils have a strong ability to sorb air-borne F and the attenuation of F in soils may be strong enough in many places to prevent much groundwater contamination. Both air and water discharges can contribute F to groundwater although wastewater discharges are likely to be the larger contributor of F. The phosphate industry and the aluminum industry produce wastewater discharges that can have high F concentrations. Cases of fluorosis were found among residents who lived close to the phosphorite mining area of Hahotoe-Kpogame, Togo (Tanouayi et al., 2016). The highest concentrations were found in wastewater discharged to the sea (12-20 mg\/L) and in local market produce (up to 2 percent). There is often abundant limestone where phosphorite deposits occur and this rock has a strong capacity to sorb F, inhibiting its transport in groundwater. Several other industries can also produce F in their wastes such as the steel industry, glass-making industries, dye industries, and plastics industries. The effects on groundwater composition are generally of localized concern, whereas geogenic F contamination is much more widespread both in spatial coverage and global occurrences.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

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Anthropogenic sources of F can be produced by wastewater discharges and by atmospheric emissions. Such emissions are the largest of the industrial F releases, originating from coal-fired power plants, brick-making plants, ceramic industries, and aluminum smelters (Fuge, 2019). Coal combustion accounts for the largest source of anthropogenic emissions of F and has contaminated soils and crops. No cases of groundwater contamination from this source are known. Shallow groundwater contamination by F immediately below the Tiwai Point aluminum smelter in New Zealand has been reported but observation wells are not sufficient to delineate a plume of F in the groundwater. The smelter is situated on a spit surrounded by seawater at the southern tip of South Island, quite remote from any major residential or agricultural areas. The Kaiser Aluminum-Mead Works Potliner superfund site in the state of Washington, USA, has a documented 2-mile fluoride and cyanide groundwater plume which was discovered in 1978. Recent analyses indicate the main part of the plume to range from 10 to 75 mg F\/L (Hydrometrics, 2013).<\/p>\n

Most soils have a strong ability to sorb air-borne F and the attenuation of F in soils may be strong enough in many places to prevent much groundwater contamination. Both air and water discharges can contribute F to groundwater although wastewater discharges are likely to be the larger contributor of F. The phosphate industry and the aluminum industry produce wastewater discharges that can have high F concentrations. Cases of fluorosis were found among residents who lived close to the phosphorite mining area of Hahotoe-Kpogame, Togo (Tanouayi et al., 2016). The highest concentrations were found in wastewater discharged to the sea (12-20 mg\/L) and in local market produce (up to 2 percent). There is often abundant limestone where phosphorite deposits occur and this rock has a strong capacity to sorb F, inhibiting its transport in groundwater. Several other industries can also produce F in their wastes such as the steel industry, glass-making industries, dye industries, and plastics industries. The effects on groundwater composition are generally of localized concern, whereas geogenic F contamination is much more widespread both in spatial coverage and global occurrences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-144","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":242,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/144\/revisions\/242"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=144"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/fluoride-in-groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}