{"id":130,"date":"2020-10-15T21:03:36","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T21:03:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/chapter\/capture-of-spring-discharge\/"},"modified":"2020-12-14T20:16:28","modified_gmt":"2020-12-14T20:16:28","slug":"capture-of-spring-discharge","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/chapter\/capture-of-spring-discharge\/","title":{"raw":"5.3 Capture of Spring Discharge","rendered":"5.3 Capture of Spring Discharge"},"content":{"raw":"Spring discharge is in part a function of local and regional hydraulic gradients. The spring elevation is fixed, but the distal heads can decline due to pumping, which reduces the head gradient towards the spring. This will reduce the flow towards the spring, which reduces its discharge\u00a0\u2013\u00a0exactly the same mechanism that causes streamflow depletion. This effect has been observed in long\u2011term discharge measurements at regional springs in southern Nevada, USA (Figure\u00a014), for example, as well as in springs in North Africa (Margat et al., 2006). It is not uncommon for springs to go dry because of groundwater development in the spring\u2019s source area. But dry springs can recover. Manse Spring (shown in Figure\u00a014), having gone essentially dry in 1977 (although small intermittent winter flows were reported after that), started to flow again in the late 1990s (San Juan et al., 2010). The recovery of spring flow was in response to reduced pumping and rising groundwater levels since 1980, and discharge was reported to be about 1.9\u00d710<sup>6<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup>\/yr in 2011 (Halford and Jackson, 2020).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_151\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-151 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-1024x626.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing annual discharge from regional springs in Pahrump Valley, Nevada, 1875-1978\" width=\"1024\" height=\"626\" \/> <strong>Figure 14 -<\/strong> Annual discharge from regional springs in Pahrump Valley, Nevada, 1875-1978, showing trend of decreasing spring flow after onset of pumping (modified from San Juan et al., 2010).[\/caption]","rendered":"<p>Spring discharge is in part a function of local and regional hydraulic gradients. The spring elevation is fixed, but the distal heads can decline due to pumping, which reduces the head gradient towards the spring. This will reduce the flow towards the spring, which reduces its discharge\u00a0\u2013\u00a0exactly the same mechanism that causes streamflow depletion. This effect has been observed in long\u2011term discharge measurements at regional springs in southern Nevada, USA (Figure\u00a014), for example, as well as in springs in North Africa (Margat et al., 2006). It is not uncommon for springs to go dry because of groundwater development in the spring\u2019s source area. But dry springs can recover. Manse Spring (shown in Figure\u00a014), having gone essentially dry in 1977 (although small intermittent winter flows were reported after that), started to flow again in the late 1990s (San Juan et al., 2010). The recovery of spring flow was in response to reduced pumping and rising groundwater levels since 1980, and discharge was reported to be about 1.9\u00d710<sup>6<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup>\/yr in 2011 (Halford and Jackson, 2020).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_151\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-151\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-151 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-1024x626.jpg\" alt=\"Graph showing annual discharge from regional springs in Pahrump Valley, Nevada, 1875-1978\" width=\"1024\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-1024x626.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-768x470.jpg 768w, https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-1536x939.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-65x40.jpg 65w, https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-225x138.jpg 225w, https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan-350x214.jpg 350w, https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/10\/Fig.14.NV-Springs.C3.CarmaSanJuan.jpg 1748w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-151\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 14 &#8211;<\/strong> Annual discharge from regional springs in Pahrump Valley, Nevada, 1875-1978, showing trend of decreasing spring flow after onset of pumping (modified from San Juan et al., 2010).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-130","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":133,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":327,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/130\/revisions\/327"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/133"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/130\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=130"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=130"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/groundwater-resource-development\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}