{"id":436,"date":"2022-12-11T23:08:58","date_gmt":"2022-12-11T23:08:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/chapter\/exercise-2\/"},"modified":"2023-01-14T03:53:42","modified_gmt":"2023-01-14T03:53:42","slug":"exercise-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/chapter\/exercise-2\/","title":{"raw":"Exercise 2","rendered":"Exercise 2"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

The table below describes six types of sinkholes (Waltham et al., 2005). All occur in karst aquifers. Review the table and decide which types of sinkholes would:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n \t
  1. allow direct recharge from sinks to the saturated zone of the karst aquifers?<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. allow more rapid movement of water to the saturated zone?<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. slow movement or prevent movement of water into the saturated zone?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    Types of sinkholes in karst aquifers (Waltham et al., 2005).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    <\/td>\r\nFormation process<\/strong><\/td>\r\nHost rock type<\/strong><\/td>\r\nFormation speed<\/strong><\/td>\r\nTypical maximum size<\/strong><\/td>\r\nEngineering hazard<\/strong><\/td>\r\nOther names in use<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Solution sinkhole<\/td>\r\nDissolutional lowering of surface<\/td>\r\nLimestone, dolomite, gypsum, salt<\/td>\r\nStable landforms evolving over >20,000 years<\/td>\r\nUp to 1,000\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\r\nFissure and cave drains must exist beneath floor<\/td>\r\nDissolution, cockpit, doline<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Collapse sinkhole<\/td>\r\nRock roof failure into underlying cave<\/td>\r\nLimestone, dolomite, gypsum, basalt<\/td>\r\nExtremely rare, rapid failure events, into old cave<\/td>\r\nUp to 300\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\r\nUnstable breakdown floor; failure of loaded cave roof<\/td>\r\nCave collapse, cenote<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Caprock sinkhole<\/td>\r\nFailure of insoluble rock into cave in soluble rock below<\/td>\r\nAny rock overlying limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\r\nRare failure events, evolve over >10,000 years<\/td>\r\nUp to 300\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\r\nUnstable breakdown floor<\/td>\r\nSubjacent collapse, interstratal karst<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Dropout sinkhole<\/td>\r\nSoil collapse into soil void formed over bedrock fissure<\/td>\r\nCohesive soil overlying limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\r\nIn minutes, into soil void evolved over months or years<\/td>\r\nUp to 50\u00a0m across and 10\u00a0m deep<\/td>\r\nThe main threat of instant failure in soil-covered karst<\/td>\r\nSubsidence, cover collapse, alluvial<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Suffosion sinkhole<\/td>\r\nDown-washing of soil into fissures in bedrock<\/td>\r\nNon-cohesive soil over limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\r\nSubsiding over months or years<\/td>\r\nUp to 50\u00a0m across and 10\u00a0m deep<\/td>\r\nSlow destructive subsidence over years<\/td>\r\nSubsidence, cover subsidence, alluvial<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Buried Sinkhole<\/td>\r\nSinkhole in rock, soil-filled after environmental change<\/td>\r\nRockhead depression in limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\r\nStable features of geology, evolved over >10,000 years<\/td>\r\nUp to 300\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\r\nLocal subsidence on soft fill surrounded by stable rock<\/td>\r\nFilled, compaction, paleo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    Click here for solution to Exercise 2<\/a><\/p>\r\n

    Return to where text linked to Exercise 2<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

    \n

    The table below describes six types of sinkholes (Waltham et al., 2005). All occur in karst aquifers. Review the table and decide which types of sinkholes would:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. allow direct recharge from sinks to the saturated zone of the karst aquifers?<\/li>\n
    2. allow more rapid movement of water to the saturated zone?<\/li>\n
    3. slow movement or prevent movement of water into the saturated zone?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Types of sinkholes in karst aquifers (Waltham et al., 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/td>\nFormation process<\/strong><\/td>\nHost rock type<\/strong><\/td>\nFormation speed<\/strong><\/td>\nTypical maximum size<\/strong><\/td>\nEngineering hazard<\/strong><\/td>\nOther names in use<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Solution sinkhole<\/td>\nDissolutional lowering of surface<\/td>\nLimestone, dolomite, gypsum, salt<\/td>\nStable landforms evolving over >20,000 years<\/td>\nUp to 1,000\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\nFissure and cave drains must exist beneath floor<\/td>\nDissolution, cockpit, doline<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Collapse sinkhole<\/td>\nRock roof failure into underlying cave<\/td>\nLimestone, dolomite, gypsum, basalt<\/td>\nExtremely rare, rapid failure events, into old cave<\/td>\nUp to 300\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\nUnstable breakdown floor; failure of loaded cave roof<\/td>\nCave collapse, cenote<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Caprock sinkhole<\/td>\nFailure of insoluble rock into cave in soluble rock below<\/td>\nAny rock overlying limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\nRare failure events, evolve over >10,000 years<\/td>\nUp to 300\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\nUnstable breakdown floor<\/td>\nSubjacent collapse, interstratal karst<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Dropout sinkhole<\/td>\nSoil collapse into soil void formed over bedrock fissure<\/td>\nCohesive soil overlying limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\nIn minutes, into soil void evolved over months or years<\/td>\nUp to 50\u00a0m across and 10\u00a0m deep<\/td>\nThe main threat of instant failure in soil-covered karst<\/td>\nSubsidence, cover collapse, alluvial<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Suffosion sinkhole<\/td>\nDown-washing of soil into fissures in bedrock<\/td>\nNon-cohesive soil over limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\nSubsiding over months or years<\/td>\nUp to 50\u00a0m across and 10\u00a0m deep<\/td>\nSlow destructive subsidence over years<\/td>\nSubsidence, cover subsidence, alluvial<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Buried Sinkhole<\/td>\nSinkhole in rock, soil-filled after environmental change<\/td>\nRockhead depression in limestone, dolomite, gypsum<\/td>\nStable features of geology, evolved over >10,000 years<\/td>\nUp to 300\u00a0m across and 100\u00a0m deep<\/td>\nLocal subsidence on soft fill surrounded by stable rock<\/td>\nFilled, compaction, paleo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Click here for solution to Exercise 2<\/a><\/p>\n

      Return to where text linked to Exercise 2<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":26,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-436","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":556,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":799,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/436\/revisions\/799"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/556"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/436\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=436"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=436"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/books.gw-project.org\/introduction-to-karst-aquifers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}