16 References

Ahmadov, R., 2006, Petrophysics and permeability of fault zones in sandstone with a focus on fault slip surfaces and slip bands. Master of Science thesis, 85 pages, Stanford University, California, USA.

Ahmadov, R., A. Aydin, M. Karimi-Fard, and L. Durlofsky, 2007, Permeability upscaling of fault zones in the Aztec Sandstone, Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada with a focus on slip surfaces and slip bands. Hydrogeology Journal, volume 15, pages 1239-1250, doi: 10.1007/s10040-007-0180-2.

AquaResource, Inc/MWH, 2007, Three-dimensional groundwater flow model report. Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Ventura County, California, USA. AquaResource, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Aydin, A. and A.M. Johnson, 1978, Development of faults as zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sandstone. Pure and Applied Geophysics, volume 116, pages 931-942, doi: 10.1007/BF00876547.

Aydin, A. and J.G. Berryman, 2010, Analysis of the growth of strike-slip faults using effective medium theory. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 32, pages 1629-1642.

Aydin, A., 2014, Failure modes of shale and their implications for natural and man-made fracture assemblages. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, volume 98, issue 11, pages 2391-2409, https://doi.org/10.1306/07311413112.

Aydin, A. and R. Ahmadov, 2009, Bed-parallel compaction bands in aeolian sandstone: their identification, characterization and implications. Tectonophysics, volume 479, issues 3-4, pages 277-284, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.033.

Aydin, A., R. Borja, and P. Eichhubl, 2006, Geological and mathematical framework for failure modes in granular rock. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 28, issue 1, pages 83-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2005.07.008.

Aydin, A. and G. de Joussineau, 2014, The relationship between normal and strike-slip faults in Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, and its implications for stress rotation and partitioning of deformation in the east-central Basin and Range. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 63, pages 12-26, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.02.006.

Aydin, A. and J. Zhong, 2017, Rock Fracture Knowledgebase. Harvard Dataverse, volume 1, http://library.rockfracture.com/Index.html.

Boersma, Q., W. Athmer, M. Haege, M. Etchebes, J. Haukås, and G. Bertotti, 2020, Natural fault and fracture network characterization for the southern Ekofisk field: a case list study integrating seismic attribute analysis with image log interpretation. Journal of Structural Geology, Volume 141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104197.

Cashman, S. and K. Cashman, 2000, Cataclasis and deformation-band formation in unconsolidated marine terrace sand, Humboldt County, California. Geology, volume 28-2, pages 111–114, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<111:CADFIU>2.0.CO;2.

Cherry, J.A., D. McWhorter, and B.L. Parker, Santa Susana Field Laboratory Groundwater Advisory Panel, 2009, in Conceptual Model for the Migration and Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Simi, California (draft), volume 1-4, association with the University of Guelph, Montgomery Watson Harza, Haley and Aldrich, and AquaResource Inc (December), 448 pages, https://www.dtsc-ssfl.com/files/lib_rcra_groundwater/SWGWRIR/conceptualmodels/Vol%201%20of%204%20Draft%20SCM%20Dec%2009.pdf

Cilona, A., A. Aydin, and N.M. Johnson, 2015, Permeability of a fault zone crosscutting a sequence of sandstones and shales and its influence on hydraulic head distribution in the Chatsworth Formation, California, United States of America. Hydrogeology Journal, volume 23, pages 405-419, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1206-1.

Cilona, A., A. Aydin, J. Likerman, B. Parker, and J. Cherry, 2016, Structural and statistical characterization of joints and multi-scale faults in an alternating sandstone and shale turbidite sequence at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory: implications for their effects on groundwater flow and contaminant transport. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 85, pages 95-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.02.003.

Cooke, M., P. Mollema, D. Pollard, and A. Aydin, 2000, Interlayer slip and joint localization in the East Kaibab Monocline, Utah: field evidence and results from numerical modeling, in Forced Folds and Fractures, editors J.W. Cosgrove and M.S. Ameen, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, volume 169, pages 23-49.

Crouch, S.L., 1976, Solutions of plane elasticity problems by the displacement discontinuity method, Part I: infinite body solution. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, volume 10, pages 301-343, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620100206.

Cruikshank, K. M., G. Zhao, and A.M. Johnson, 1991, Analysis of minor fractures associated with joints and faulted joints. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 13, pages 865-886, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90083-U.

Cruikshank, K. M. and A. Aydin, 1995, Unweaving the joints in Entrada Sandstone, southwest limb of the Salt Valley anticline, Arches National Park, Utah, United States of America. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 17, pages 409-421, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)00061-4.

Davatzes, N.C. and P. Eichhubl, A. Aydin, 2005, Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeastern Utah. Geological Society of America Bulletin, volume 117, pages 135-148, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25473.1.

Davis, G.H., 1999, Structural geology of the Colorado Plateau region of southern Utah with special emphasis on deformation bands. Geological Society of America Special Paper, volume 342, 157 pages, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE342.

de Joussineau, G., O. Mutlu, A. Aydin, and D.D., Pollard, 2007, Characterization of strike-slip fault-splay relationships in sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 29, pages 1831-1842, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.08.006.

de Joussineau, G. and A. Aydin, 2007a, The evolution of the damage zone with fault growth in sandstone and its multiscale characteristics. Journal of Geophysical Research, volume 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004711.

de Joussineau, G. and A. Aydin, 2007b, Normal faults as precursors to strike-slip faults networks in the Basin and Range province, Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, United States of America. Stanford Digital Repository, 13 pages, http://purl.stanford.edu/jw080wt6699.

de Joussineau, G. and A. Aydin, 2009, Segmentation along strike-slip faults revisited in Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, editors Y. Ben-Zion and C.G. Sammis. Pure and Applied Geophysics, pages 1575–1594, doi: 10.1007/978-3-0346- 0138-2_3.

de Joussineau, G. and J.P. Petit, 2021, Mechanical insights into the development of fracture corridors in layered rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104278.

de Joussineau, G., 2023, The geometrical properties of fracture corridors. Tectonophysics, volume 586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229637.

Deng, S. and A. Aydin, 2012, Distribution of compaction bands in 3D in an aeolian sandstone: the role of cross-bed orientation. Tectonophysics, volumes 574-575, pages 204–218, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.037.

Deng, S. and A. Aydin, 2015, The strength anisotropy of localized compaction: a model for the role of the nature and orientation of cross-beds on the orientation and distribution of compaction bands in 3-D. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, volume 120, pages 1523-1542, doi:10.1002/2014JB011689.

Deng, S., A. Cilona, C. Morrow, C. Mapeli, C. Liu, D. Lockner, and M. Prasad, A. Aydin, 2015a, Cross-bedding related anisotropy and its interplay with various boundary conditions in the formation and orientation of joints in an aeolian sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 77, pages 175-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.05.005.

Deng, S., L. Zuo, A. Aydin, J. Dvorkin, and T. Mukerji, 2015b, Permeability characterization of natural compaction bands using core flooding experiments and 3D image-based analysis: comparing and contrasting the results from two different methods. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, volume 99, pages 27-49, http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/07071413211.

Deng, S., R. Jiang, M. Karimi-Fard, and A. Aydin, 2017, Fluid-flow effects of compartmentalized distribution of compaction bands in an aeolian sandstone in three dimensions. Petroleum Geoscience, volume 23, pages 223-230, https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2016-05.

Dippenaar, M., 2022, Original Figures Created for Fractures and Faults in Sandstone and Sandstone-Shale/Mudstone Sequences and Their Impact on Groundwater, Department of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Du Bernard, X., P. Eichhubl, and A. Aydin, 2002, Dilation bands: a new form of localized failure in granular media. Geophysical Research Letters, volume 29, issue 24, pages 1- 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015966.

Dyer, J.R., 1983, Jointing in sandstone, Arches National Park, Utah. Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, Stanford University, California, USA, 212 pages, https://pangea.stanford.edu/research/srb/docs/theses/SRB_20_AUG83_Dyer.pdf.

Eichhubl, P., P.S. D’Onfro, A. Aydin, J. Waters, and D.K. McCarty, 2005, Structure, , petrophysics, and diagenesis of shale entrained along a normal fault at Black Diamond Mines, California – implications for fault seal. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, volume 89, issue 9, pages 1113-1137, https://doi.org/10.1306/04220504099.

Eichhubl, P., J.N. Hooker, and S.E. Laubach, 2010, Pure and shear-enhanced compaction bands in Aztec Sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 32, pages 1873- 1886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.02.004.

Flodin, E.A. and A. Aydin, 2004, Evolution of a strike-slip fault network, Valley of Fire State Park, southern Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, volume 116, issue 1-2, pages 42-59, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25282.1.

Flodin, E.A., L.J Durlofsky, and A. Aydin, 2004, Upscaled models of flow and transport in faulted sandstone: boundary condition effects and explicit fracture modeling. Petroleum Geoscience, volume 10, pages 173-181, https://doi.org/10.1144/1354- 079303-587.

Flodin, E.A., M. Gerdes, A. Aydin, and W.D Wiggins, 2005, Petrophysical properties and sealing capacity of fault rock from sheared-joint based faults, Aztec Sandstone, Nevada in Fault Seals and Petroleum Traps, editors R. Sorkhabi and Y. Tsuji. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, volume 85, pages 197-217, doi:10.1306/1033724M853136.

Fossen, H. R.A. Schultz, and A. Torabi, 2011, Conditions and implications for compaction band formation in the Navajo Sandstone, Utah. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 33, issue 10, pages 1477-1490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.08.001.

Foxford, K.A., J.J. Walsh, J. Watterson, I.R. Garden, S. Guscott, and S.D. Burley, 1998, Structure and content of the Moab Fault Zone, Utah, USA, and its implications for fault seal prediction. Geological Society of London Special Publication, volume 147, pages 87-103, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.147.01.06.

Guiheneuf, N., A. Dausse, J.R. de Dreuzy, and B.L. Parker, 2020, Flow-bearing structures of fractured rocks: Insights from hydraulic property scalings revealed by a pumping test. Accepted for publication in Journal of Hydrology, volume 598, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125715.

Haimson, B. and J.W. Rudnicki, 2010, The effect of the intermediate principal stress on fault formation and fault angle in siltstone. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 32, pages 1701-1711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.08.017.

Helgeson, D.E. and A. Aydin, 1991, Characteristics of joint propagation across layer interfaces in sedimentary rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 13, pages 897- 911, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90085-W.

Hill, R.E., 1989, Analysis of deformation bands in the Aztec Sandstone, Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada. Master of Science thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA, 93 pages, https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=rtds.

Jourde, H., E.A. Flodin, A. Aydin, L.J. Durlofsky, and X.H. Wen, 2002, Computing permeability of fault zones in eolian sandstone from outcrops measurements. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, volume 86, pages 1187-1200, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDC4C-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.

Karimi-Fard, M., L. Durlofsky, and K. Aziz, 2004, An efficient discrete fracture model applicable for general purpose reservoir simulators. Science and Physics Education Journal, volume 9, issue 2, pages 227–236, https://doi.org/10.2118/88812-PA.

Keehm, T. Mukerji, and A. Nur, 2004, Permeability prediction from thin sections: 3D reconstruction and Lattice-Boltzmann flow simulation. Geophysical Research Letters, volume 31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018761

Koledoye, B., A. Aydin, and E. May, 2003, A new process-based methodology for analysis of shale smear along normal faults in the Niger Delta. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, volume 87, pages 445-463, https://doi.org/10.1306/08010200131.

Lachenbruch, A.H, 1961, Depth and spacing of tension cracks. Journal of Geophysical research, volume 66, pages 4273-4292, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i012p04273.

Laubach, J.S.E., J. Lamarche, B.D.M Gauthier, W.M. Dunne, and J.S. David, 2018, Spatial arrangement of faults and opening-mode fractures. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 108, pages 2-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.08.008.

Lenoir, N., J.E. Andrade, W.C. Sun, and J.W. Rudnicki, 2010, In Situ Permeability Measurements inside Compaction Bands Using X-Ray CT and Lattice Boltzmann Calculations. Advances in Computed Tomography for Geomaterials, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118557723.CH33.

Liu, C., D.D. Pollard, A. Aydin, and S. Deng, 2015, Mechanism of formation of wiggly compaction bands in porous sandstone, volume 1. Observations and conceptual model. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, volume 120, pages 8138-8152, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012372.

Manzocchi, T., J.J. Walsh, P. Nell, and G. Yielding, 1999, Fault transmissibility multipliers for flow simulation models. Petroleum Geoscience, volume 5, pages 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.5.1.53.

Meyer, J.R., B.L. Parker, and J.A. Cherry, 2014, Characteristics of high-resolution hydraulic head profiles and vertical gradients in fractured sedimentary rocks. Journal of Hydrology, volume 517, pages 27-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.050.

Meyer, J.R., B.L. Parker, E. Arnaud, and A.C. Runkel, 2016, Combining high resolution vertical gradients and sequence stratigraphy to delineate hydrogeologic units for a contaminated sedimentary rock aquifer system. Journal of Hydrology, volume 534, pages 505-523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.015.

Mollema, P.N. and M.A. Antonellini, 1996, Compaction bands: a structural analog for anti-mode I cracks in aeolian sandstone. Tectonophysics, volume 267, pages 209-228, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00098-4.

MWH, 2009. Draft Site-wide Groundwater Remedial Investigation Report, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Ventura County, California. Prepared for The Boeing Company, NASA, and U.S. DOE, December, volumes I-VII, 321 pages,  https://www.dtsc- ssfl.com/files/lib_ceqa/ref_draft_peir/Chap3_ProjDesc/68557_MWH_2009b_Draft_Site _Wide_Groundwater_Remedial_Investigation_Report_1_Text.pdf.

MWH, 2014, Groundwater Monitoring Progress Report, First Quarter 2014, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Ventura County, California. Prepared for The Boeing Company, NASA, and US DOE by MWH, Walnut Creek, California, USA, 426 pages, https://www.dtsc- ssfl.com/files/lib_rcra_groundwater/quarterly_an_gw_repo/annual/66565_2014_Ann ual_Report_GWM_Text,Tables,Figures.pdf.

Myers, R., 1997, Analysis of brittle deformation and permeability structure of cataclastic faults in porous sandstone. Stanford Digital Repository, 4 pages, http://purl.stanford.edu/vn095mt0105.

Myers, R. and A. Aydin, 2004, The evolution of faults formed by shearing across joint zones in sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 26, pages 947-966, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.07.008.

Noorsalehi-Garakani, S., G.J. Kleine Vennekate, P. Vrolijk, and J. Urai, 2013, Clay-smear continuity and normal fault zone geometry – first results from excavated sandbox models. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 57, pages 58-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.09.008.

Olson, J., 2004, Predicting fracture swarms – the influence of subcritical crack growth and the crack-tip process zone on joint spacing in rock in The Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest of Joints and Other Fractures. Geological Society of London Special Publication, volume 231, pages 73-87, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.231.01.05.

Olsson, W.A., J.C. Lorenz, and S. Cooper, 2004, A mechanical model for multiply-oriented conjugate deformation bands. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 26, pages 325- 338, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00101-9.

Parker, B.L., J.A. Cherry, and S.W. Chapman, 2012, Discrete fracture network approach for studying contamination in fractured rock. AQUAmundi: Journal of Water Science, volume 60, pages 101-116, http://www.acquesotterranee.it/sites/default/files/Am06052.pdf.

Pollard, D.D. and A. Aydin, 1988, Progress in understanding jointing over the past century. Geological Society of America Bulletin, volume 100, pages 1181-1204, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1181:PIUJOT>2.3.CO;2.

Roznovsky, T. and A. Aydin, 2001, Concentration of shearing deformation related to changes in strike of monoclinal fold axis: the Waterpocket Monocline, Utah. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 23, pages 1567-1579, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191- 8141(01)00023-2.

Rudnicki, J. W. and J. R. Rice, 1975, Conditions for the localization of deformation in pressure-sensitive dilatant materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, volume 23, pages 371-394, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(75)90001-0.

Schultz, R.S., 2019, Geological Fracture Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316996737.

Shipton, Z.K., J.P. Evans, K.R. Robeson, C.B. Forster, and S. Snelgrove, 2002, Structural heterogeneity and permeability in faulted eolian sandstone: implications for subsurface modeling of faults. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, volume 86, pages 863-883, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDBC0-173E-11D7- 8645000102C1865D.

Spence, G.H., G.D. Couples, T.G. Bevan, R. Aguilera, J.W. Cosgrove, J.M. Daniel, and J. Redfern, 2014, Advances in the study of naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs. The Geological Society of London Special Publication, volume 374.19, pages 1-22, http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP374.11.

Sterling, S.N., B.L. Parker, J.A Cherry, J.H. Williams, J.W. Lane Jr, and F.P. Haeni, 2005, Vertical cross contamination of trichloroethylene in a borehole in fractured sandstone. Ground Water, volume 43, issue 4, pages 557-573, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0087.x.

Sun, W.C., J.E. Andrade, J.W. Rudnicki, P. Eichhubl, 2011, Connecting microstructural attributes and permeability from 3D tomographic images of in situ shear-enhanced compaction bands using multiscale computations. Geophysical Research Letters, volume 38, issue 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047683.

Torabi, A., A. Aydin, A. Cilona, B.E. Jarsto, and S. Deng, 2015, The dynamics and interaction of compaction bands in Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, Unites States of America: implications for their growth, evolution, and geostatistical property.

Tectonophysics, volume 657, pages 113-128, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.029.

Vrolijk, P., J.L. Urai, and M. Kettermann, 2016, Clay smear: review of mechanisms and applications. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 86, pages 95-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.09.006

Wen, X.H., L.J. Durlofsky, and M. Edwards, 2003, Upscaling of channel systems in two dimensions using flow-based grids. Transport in Porous Media, volume 51, pages 343-366, doi: 10.1023/A:1022318926559.

Yielding, G., B. Freeman, and T. Needham, 1997, Quantitative fault seal prediction.

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, volume 81, pages 897-917, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-8937(97)80010-0.

Zhao, G. and A.M. Johnson, 1992, Sequence of deformations recorded in joints and faults, Arches National Park, Utah. Journal of Structural Geology, volume 14, pages 225-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(92)90059-6.

Zhong, J., A. Aydin, and D.L. McGuinness, 2009, Ontology of fractures, Journal of Structural Geology, volume 31, pages 251-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.01.008.