Box 1 Fluoride Concentrations in Groundwaters by Continent-Size Regions and Countries
Table Box 1-1 presents fluoride concentrations in groundwaters by continent-size regions and countries. This list is available in a spreadsheet on the Ground Water Project web site. The spreadsheet is occasionally updated as documentation of additional fluoride concentrations are identified.
Return to where text links to Box 1, Section 3
Return to where text links to Box 1, Section 8
Table Box 1–1 – Fluoride concentrations in groundwaters by continent-size regions and countries.
| Country | Location | Concentration, mg/L | Reference |
| Asia | |||
| China | Country-wide | 0.1-22 | Wang et al. (2018) |
| China | Country-wide | 2.2-25.1 (max values) |
He et al. (2020); Wen et al. (2013) |
| China | North China | 0.3-10.4 | Feng et al. (2020) |
| China | North China | < 0.01-10.30 | Liu and Zhu (1991) |
| China | North China Plain | 0.37-3.28 | Liu et al. (2015) |
| China | North China Plain | 0.05-5.52 | Xing et al. (2013) |
| China | North China Plain | 0.18-5.59 | Li et al. (2017) |
| China | North China Plain | 0.38-7.35 | Li et al. (2020a) |
| China | North China Plain | 0.57-2.59 | Hao et al. (2020) |
| China | North China Plain | 1.3-9.7 | Kwong et al. (2015) |
| China | Tianjin | 0.01-6.3 | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| China | Inner Mongolia | up to 8.0 | Wang et al. (1999) |
| China | Inner Mongolia | 2.3-9.8 | Zheng et al. (2006) |
| China | Datong basin | < 0.01-80.89 | Guo and Wang (2005) |
| China | Datong basin | 0.14-39 | Wang et al. (2009) |
| China | Datong basin | 0.1-8.3 | Su et al. (2013) |
| China | Datong basin | 0.4-3.32 | Pi et al. (2015) |
| China | Datong basin | < 0.01-22 | Li et al. (2012) |
| China | Datong basin | 0.11-9.65 | Shvartsev and Wang (2006) |
| China | Datong basin and Hetao plain | 0.3-5.6 | Hu et al. (2013) |
| China | Shahai, Hetao plain | 0.3-2.57 | Guo et al. (2012) |
| China | Hetao Plain | up to 2.79 | Xu et al. (2013) |
| China | Hangjinhouqi, Hetao Plain | 0.3-6.01 | He et al. (2013b) |
| China | Hangjinhouqi, Hetao plain | 0.4-3.36 | Deng et al. (2009) |
| China | Ordos basin, northwestern China | 0.12 -13.3 | Su et al. (2019) |
| China | Huhhot basin | < 0.1-6.8 | Smedley et al. (2003) |
| China | Jilin | 0.16-12.8 | Jianmin et al. (2015) |
| China | Songnen | 0.25-14 | Tang et al. (2010a) |
| China | W Songnen plain, Jilin | 0.3-10 | Zhang et al. (2003) |
| China | Chinese loess plateau/Guanzhong basin | 0.38-3.80 | Jia et al. (2019) |
| China | Middle loess plateau, Shanxi | 0.2-3.1 | Xiao et al. (2015) |
| China | Loess Plateau, Shanxi | 0.03-9.42 | Yuan et al. (2020) |
| China | Taiyuan basin, Shanxi | 0.5-3.3 | Li et al. (2011) |
| China | Taiyuan basin, Shanxi | up to 6.2 | Guo et al. (2007b) |
| China | Taiyuan basin, Shanxi | up to 2.40 | Ma et al. (2011) |
| China | Yungcheng basin, Shanxi | 1.5-6.6 | Currell et al. (2011) |
| China | Yungcheng basin, Shanxi | 0.1-14.1 | Li et al. (2015) |
| China | Yungcheng basin, Shanxi | 0.53-12.65 | Luo et al. (2018) |
| China | Yungcheng basin, Shanxi | 1.75-6.40 | Gao et al. (2007) |
| China | Yungcheng basin, Shanxi | 0.31-14.2 | Khair et al. (2014) |
| China | Shanxi Province, average pre-project (post) | 2.79 (1.03) | Zhu et al. (2006) |
| China | Yuncheng basin, Qiji and Yanhu areas | 0.7-12.6 | Li et al. (2018a) |
| China | Yungcheng basin, Qiji County and Yuncheng | 3.05-8.89 | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| China | Jinhuiqu irrigation district, Wei River basin | 0.34-2.55 | Xu et al. (2019) |
| China | Southeast | 0.19-3.04 | Lü et al. (2016) |
| China | Zhongxiang city, Hubei | up to 3.67 | Guo et al. (2010) |
| China | Guangdong | up to 45 (hot springs) | Ren and Jiao (1988) |
| China | Tongchuan | 0.54-1.95 | Li et al. (2019b) |
| China | Handan, Wuqiao cities | up to 7 mg/L | Wen et al. (2013) |
| China | Yunnan & Guizhou | 0.027-0.47 | Luo et al. (2012) |
| China | Central Guizhou | 0.01-7.93 | Li et al. (2016) |
| China | Hunchun (Tumen River) basin, NE | 0.68-7.84 | Woo et al. (2000) |
| China | Zhangye basin, | 0.21-3.06 | He et al. (2013a) |
| China | Yanchi, NW China | 0.45-9.73 | Wu et al. (2018) |
| China | Xiji County | 0.2-3.01 | Wei et al. (2016) |
| China | Yuanmou County, Yunnan: 2007-9 (1984) | 0.22-1.46 (1.0-7.2) | Chen et al. (2012) |
| China | Shandong Province, southwest plain | 0.01-4.68 | Liu et al. (2021) |
| China | Lower Liaohe River plain | 0.11-4.9 | Zuo et al. (2019) |
| China | Gaomi city | 0.09-10.99 | Chen et al. (2020a) |
| China | Buzhuang town | 0.65-9.87 | Chen et al. (2020b) |
| China | Yuncheng basin | -9.2 | Li et al. (2019a) |
| China | Huaibei plain | 0.2-3.75 | Hu et al. (2017) |
| China | Northwest | < 0.5-26 | Wang and Cheng (2001) |
| China | Changbai Mountain, Longgang region | 0.13-7.17 | Yan et al. (2019) |
| China | Kuye River basin, Shaanxi | 0.05-7.8 | Fu et al. (2018) |
| Mongolia | South Gobi | 0.37-5.46 | Nakazawa et al. (2016) |
| India | Country-wide | 0.1-7 | Handa (1975) |
| India | Country-wide | 1.7-6.1 | Saxena and Ahmed (2003) |
| India | Country-wide | 0.01-27.0 | Mukherjee and Singh (2018) |
| India | Country-wide | 0.001-37.1 | Ali et al. (2019a) |
| India | Medak district | 0.2-7.4 | Adimalla and Venkatayogi (2017) |
| India | Nalgonda County | 0.84-4.3 | Adimalla et al. (2020) |
| India | Alleppey | 0.68-2.88 | Raj and Shaji (2017) |
| India | Palar River Basin | 1-3.24 | Dar et al. (2011) |
| India | Wailapally, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh | 0.5-7.6 | Reddy et al. (2010b) |
| India | Wailapally, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh | 0.97-5.83 | Reddy et al. (2010a) |
| India | Nagarjuna Sagar, Nalgonda, Telangana | 0.07-8.8 | Brindha and Elango (2013) |
| India | Chittur block, Palakkad, Kerala | 0.05-6.3 | Shaji et al. (2018) |
| India | Indi taluk of Karnataka (2000) | 0.26-3.57 (0.0 -3.87) | Ugran et al. (2017) |
| India | Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh | 0.11-12.8 | Gupta et al. (1999) |
| India | SE Rajasthan | < 0.1-16.2 | Gupta et al. (1993) |
| India | Medchal block, Andhra Pradesh | 0.3-6.9 | Kumar et al. (1991) |
| India | Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh | 0.7-4.8 | Sujatha (2003) |
| India | Andhra Pradesh | < 0.3-1.81 | Subba Rao (2011) |
| India | E & SE Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh | 0.8-7.4 | Suma Latha et al. (1999a) |
| India | Rajnandgaon district, Chhattisgarh | 0.6-18.5 | Yadav et al. (2020) |
| India | Vamsadhara River Basin | up to 3.4 | Rao (1997) |
| India | NW Rajasthan | 0.5-8.5 | Chaudhary et al. (2008) |
| India | Birbhum district, W. Bengal | 0.006-1.95 | Gupta et al. (2006) |
| India | Rajasthan | 0.2-90 | Choubisa (2018a,b) |
| India | Siroti district, Rajasthan | 0.5-16 | Maithani et al. (1998) |
| India | Tirupattur | 0.26-2.75 | Kumar et al. (2015) |
| India | Bhavani basin | 0.18-1.56 | Kumar et al. (2016) |
| India | Patan, Gujarat | 0.4-4.80 | Kumar et al. (2017) |
| India | N. 24–Paraganas district, W. Bengal | 0.01-1.2 | Kundu and Mandal (2010) |
| India | Ganga Plain | 0.2-1.8 | Misra and Mishra (2007) |
| India | Mathura district, Ganga Plain | 0.1-2.5 | Misra et al. (2006) |
| India | Palamau district, Jharkhand | 0.1-12.3 | Srikanth et al. (2008) |
| India | Dindigul district | 0.18-3.24 | Viswanathan et al. (2009) |
| India | Birbhum district, West Bengal | 0.11-20.9 | Hossain and Patra (2020) |
| India | Birbhum district, West Bengal | 0.33-12.97 | Mondal et al. (2017) |
| India | Guntar district, Andhra Pradesh | 0.3-2.3 | Rao (2003) |
| India | Birbhum district, West Bengal | 0.01-19 | Batabyal and Gupta (2017) |
| India | Balod district, Chhattisgarh | 1.5-14 | Yadav et al. (2016) |
| India | Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu | 0.14-6.48 | Jagadeshan and Elango (2015); Jagadeshan et al. (2015) |
| India | Brahmaputra valley, Assam | up to 9.0 | Gogoi et al. (2021) |
| India | Mulugu-Venkatapur Mandals | 0.28-5.48 | Satyanarayana et al. (2017) |
| India | Fatehpur Sikri | 1.1-3.80 | Mishra (2013) |
| India | Prakasam | 0.50-9.84 | Reddy et al. (2016) |
| India | Agra city | 0.9-4.12 | Yadav et al. (2018) |
| India | Nalbari | 0.02-1.56 | Sharma et al. (2012) |
| India | Dausa district, Rajasthan | 0.48-3.64 | Tiwari et al. (2020) |
| India | Dharmanagar region, North Tripura | < 0.005-4.8 | Bhattacharya et al. (2020) |
| India | Madurai | 0.29-1.8 | Thivya et al. (2017) |
| India | Ranchi city | 0.0-2.19 | Tirkey et al. (2017) |
| India | Central India | 1.3-3.80 | Naaz and Anshumali (2015) |
| India | Brahmaputra floodplains | 0.0-14.4 | Das et al. (2016b) |
| India | Simlapal block | 0.0-4.90 | Das et al. (2016a) |
| India | Thoothukudi district | up to 3.30 | Singaraja et al. (2013); Singaraja et al. (2014) |
| India | Ramganga sub-basin | 0.01-85 | Rajmohan and Amarasinghe (2016) |
| India | Siddipet area | 0.4-2.20 | Narsimha and Sudarshan (2017) |
| India | Tuticorin district, Tamil Nadu | < 0.1-3.30 | Singaraja et al. (2018) |
| India | West Bengal | 0.15-1.75 | Datta et al. (2014) |
| India | North Gujarat-Cambay region, western India | up to 10 | Gupta et al. (2005) |
| India | Rajasthan | 0.11-12.2 | Coyte et al., 2019) |
| India | Eastern | 0.3-11 | Raju (2017) |
| India | Delhi area | 0.10-16.5 | Datta et al. (1996) |
| India | Palghat district | 0.2-5.75 | Shaji et al. (2007) |
| India | Northeastern Rajasthan | 0.04-8.2 | Keesari et al. (2021) |
| India | Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu | 0.05-8 | Raja and Neelakantan (2021) |
| India | Anantapur district, south | 1.2-5.9 | Reddy and Sunitha (2020) |
| India | Ambadongar South Gujarat | 0.43-4.25 | Shirke et al. (2020) |
| India | Odisha | 0.0-4.0 | Sahu et al. (2020) |
| India | Kunda, Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh | 0.2-21.1 | Maurya et al. (2020) |
| India | Tiruppur region, south | 0.1-2.7 | Karunanidhi et al. (2020) |
| India | Odisha | 0.01-3.56 | Maitra et al. (2020) |
| India | Wardha sub-basin, central | 0.25-3.57 | Nawale et al. (2021) |
| India | Indo-Gangetic plain, north | 0.13-8.28 | Shukla and Saxena (2021) |
| India | Kolar & Tumkur districts | 0.36-5.35 | Mamatha and Rao (2010) |
| India | Mehsana district (1980) | 0.38-3.6 (0.2-6.0) | Dhiman and Keshari (2006) |
| India | Anantapur district | 2.59-6.53 | Padhi and Muralidharan (2012) |
| India | Pokhran area, Rajasthan | 0.76-4.74 | Singh et al. (2011) |
| India | Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh | 0.07-8.8 | Brindha and Elango (2013) |
| India | Maheshwaram basin, Andhra Pradesh | 0.4-3.8 | Sreedvi et al. (2006) |
| India | Nalgonda, Pambar R. basin, Vaniyar R. basin | 0.1-8.8 | Brindha et al. (2016) |
| India | Markapur region, Andhra Pradesh | 0.4-5.8 | Adimalla et al. (2019) |
| India | Chhattisgarh state | 3.3-11.3 | Sahu et al. (2017) |
| India | Upper Panda R. basin, Sonbhadra district | 0.4-5.6 | Raju et al. (2012) |
| India | Malwa region, Punjab | 0.60 -5.07 | Ahada and Suthar (2019) |
| India | Punjab, southwest | 0.32-4.05 | Kumar and Singh (2015) |
| India | Siddipet, Telanga | 0.4-2.2 | Narsimha and Sudarshan (2017) |
| India | Palamau district, Jharkhand | 0.1-12.3 | Srikanth et al. (2008) |
| India | Marks Nagar, Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh | 0.8-13.9 | Jha et al. (2010) |
| India | Pungar sub-basin, Tamilnadu | 0.02-3.22 | Srinivasamoorthy et al.(2014) |
| India | Nagaur Tehsil, Nagaur, Rajasthan | 0.4-6.6 | Arif et al. (2012) |
| India | Boden block, Orissa | 0.0-6.4 | Dey et al. (2012) |
| India | Bijapur district, Chhatisgarhar | 0.1-7.1 | Kashyap et al. (2020) |
| India | Maheshwarm mandal, RR district, Telangana | 0.28-3.03 | Laxmankumar et al. (2019) |
| India | Siwani Block, Western Hayana | 0.3-16.6 | Ali et al. (2018) |
| India | Sidhi district, central | 1.4-3.5 | Naaz et al. (2015) |
| India | Dwarka River basin, West Bengal | 0.0-10.6 | Thapa et al. (2018) |
| Bangladesh | Country-wide | 0.02-2.32 | Hoque et al. (2003) |
| Nepal | Kathmandu basin | 0.07-1.92 | Pant (2011) |
| Sri Lanka | North central | < 0.02-10 | Dissanayake (1991, 1996) |
| Sri Lanka | North central | 0.02-5.3 | Chandrajith et al. (2011) |
| Sri Lanka | North central | 0.22-3.16 | Perera et al. (2020) |
| Sri Lanka | North central & northwestern | 0.01-4.34 | Young et al. (2011) |
| Sri Lanka | Country-wide | < 0.02-8.00 | Chandrajith et al., (2020) |
| Sri Lanka | Country-wide, cold springs (hot springs) | 0.15-5.34 (0.12-5.95) | Chandrajith et al., (2013) |
| Pakistan | Nagar Parkar, Thar Desert, Sindh | 1.13-7.85 | Rafique et al. (2009) |
| Pakistan | Sibi district, Balochistan | 2.4-6.2 | Chandio et al., (2021) |
| Pakistan | Diplo subdistrict, Thar Desert, Sindh | 0.29-7.9 | Rafique et al. (2013) |
| Pakistan | Umarkot subdistrict, Thar Desert, Sindh | 0.06-44.4 | Rafique et al. (2015) |
| Pakistan | Badin district, Sindh | 0.23-6.8 | Talpur et al. (2020) |
| Pakistan | Punjab | 0.54-17.5 | Younas et al., (2019) |
| Pakistan | Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab | 0.16-21.1 | Farooqi et al. (2007) |
| Pakistan | Sindh and Punjab | 0.1-3.9 | Ali et al. (2019b) |
| Pakistan | Balochistan | 1-14 | Chandio et al. (2015) |
| Pakistan | Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 0.05-10.8 | Rahman et al. (2017) |
| Pakistan | Swat Valley, Adenzai region | 0.7-6.4 | Rashid et al. (2018) |
| Pakistan | Punjab | 0.6-8.6 | Arshad and Imran (2017) |
| Pakistan | Tehsil Mailsi, Punjab | 5.5-29.6 | Rasool et al. (2015) |
| South Korea | Poncheon spa area | < 0.1-19.7 | Chae et al. (2006) |
| South Korea | Country-wide | < 0.1-40.8 | Chae et al. (2007) |
| South Korea | Southeast | 0.1-> 13 | Kim and Jeong (2005) |
| South Korea | Gimcheon | 0.04-2.15 | Kim et al. (2011) |
| South Korea | Taejon | 0.00-5.99 | Jeong (2001) |
| South Korea | Jungwon area | 0.2-14.1 | Koh et al. (2008) |
| Vietnam | Ninh Hoa | up to 28.1 | Tu (2008); Yadav et al. (2019) |
| Taiwan | Chianan alluvial plain aquifer | up to 3.16 | Liao et al. (2016) |
| Taiwan | Southern Taiwan Science Park groundwater | 0.4-3.6 | Wu et al. (2010) |
| Japan | Mizunami Underground Research Lab | 0.1-15.4 | Abdelgawad et al. (2009); Iwatsuki et al. (2005) |
| Japan | Kumamoto | 0.1-1.58 | Hossain et al. (2016) |
| Japan | Tono U mine, Gifu Prefecture | 1.99-10.9 | Iwatsuki and Yoshida (1999) |
| Thailand | Chiang Mai, northern area | 0.01-9.6 | Chuah et al. (2016) |
| Myanmar | Myingyan township | < 0.3-3.6 | Bacquart et al. (2015) |
| Myanmar | Southern | up to 12.2 | Pincetti-Zúniga et al. (2020) |
| Indonesia | Asembagus coastal plain, East Java | < 0.1-4.2 | Heikens et al. (2005) |
| Timor-Leste | Dili city | 0.0-3.5 | Ximenes et al. (2018) |
| Russia | |||
| Russia | Kola Peninsula north | 0.21-1.55 | Mazukhina et al. (2012) |
| Russia | Baikal Rift zone thermal waters | 3.0-46.8 | Shvartsev et al. (2015) |
| Russia | Moscow artesian basin | < 0.1-5 | Voroshilov (1972) |
| Russia | Moscow artesian basin | Fluorite oversaturated | Limantseva et al. (2007) |
| Russia | Tuva basin and surrounding mountains | 0.1-6.9 | Guseva (2020) |
| Middle East | |||
| Afghanistan | Country-wide | < 0.01-79.2 | Hayat and Baba (2017) |
| Bahrain | Country-wide | 0.5-1.46 | Akhter (1998) |
| Gaza strip | Khan Younis City | 0.3-6.45 | Abu Jabal et al. (2014) |
| Gaza strip | Country-wide | 0.2-4.4 | Shomar et al. (2004) |
| Iran | West coast of Urmia Lake | 0.16-5.7 | Amiri and Berndtsson (2020) |
| Iran | Sistan and Baluchistan, southeast | 0.1-1.8 | Abbasnia et al. (2019) |
| Iran | Bazman, southeast | 0.5-3.75 | Naderi et al. (2020) |
| Iran | Bahabad, central | 0.22-2.35 | Dehbandi et al. (2018) |
| Iran | Zarand basin, central | 0.20-1.99 | Dehbandi et al., 2017) |
| Iran | Kerman Province | 0.33-3.51 | Derakhshani et al. (2014) |
| Iran | West Azerbaijan, NW | 0.68-10.3 | Mohammadi et al. (2017b) |
| Iran | Muteh area, Isfahan | 0.2-9.2 | Keshavarzi et al. (2010) |
| Iran | Dashtestan | 0.4-3 | Battaleb-Looie et al. (2012) |
| Iran | Sistan and Baluchistan | 0.125-1.71 | Biglari et al. (2016) |
| Iran | Poldasht city | 0.28-10.23 | Mohammadi et al. (2017a) |
| Iran | Showt, Azerbaijan | 0.0-5.5 | Yousefi et al. (2019) |
| Iran | Isfahan | 0.02-2.8 | Aghapour et al. (2018) |
| Iran | Lar area, south | 0.64-3.92 | Rezaei et al. (2017) |
| Iran | Laristan and Gerash regions, 2003-2010 | 0.71-3.83 | Amini et al. (2016) |
| Iran | Groundwater wells in urban areas | < 0.02-5.0 | Mesdaghinia et al. (2010) |
| Iran | Maku area, northwest | 0.3-5.96 | Moghaddam and Fijani (2008) |
| Iran | Shush aquifer, Khuzestan County | 0.12-2.17 | Nouri et al. (2006) |
| Iran | Fars Province | 0.06-4.95 | Enalou et al. (2018) |
| Iran | Khaf County | 0.17-1.82 | Bazeli et al. (2020) |
| Iran | Yazd Province | 0.02-1.96 | Fallahzadeh et al. (2018) |
| Iran | Khorasan Razavi Province | 0.09-1.7 | Ghaderpoori et al. (2018) |
| Iran | West Azerbaijan | 0-11.12 | Aslani et al. (2019) |
| Iran | West Azerbaijan | 0.22-10.33 | Mohammadi et al. (2017b) |
| Iran | Ardakan, Yazd Province | 0.2-6 | Mirzabeygi et al. (2018) |
| Iran | Larestan region, Fars Province | 0.64-3.46 | Dehghani et al. (2018) |
| Iran | Dashestan area, Bushehr Province | 0.99-2.5 | Dobaradaran et al. (2009) |
| Iran | Bazman volcanic area, southeast | 0.6-3.75 | Naderi et al. (2020) |
| Israel | Country-wide | 0.05-5.5 | Kafri et al. (1989) |
| Oman | Al Musanaah coastal plain | 1-13 | Askri (2015) |
| Saudi Arabia | Midyan basin | 0.98-2.10 | Ghrefat et al. (2014) |
| Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | 0.42-1.80 | Alabdula’aly (1997) |
| Saudi Arabia | Al Asyah | 1.21-1.97 | Loni et al. (2015) |
| Saudi Arabia | Wadi Al Hamad, Madinah | 1.19-1.92 | Alharbi et al. (2017) |
| Saudi Arabia | Almadinah Almunawarah | 0.01-2.16 | Shraim et al. (2013) |
| Yemen | Dhamar Volcanic Province (Quaternary) | 0.15-5.7 | Minissale et al. (2013) |
| Yemen | Taiz city | 1.08-10 | Al-Amry (2009) |
| Yemen | Al-Howban basin, Taiz | 0.98-3.6 | Aqeel et al. (2017) |
| Yemen | Highlands | 0.06-35 | Al-Mikhlafi (2010) |
| Yemen | Al-Dhala basin | 0.31-18.3 | Al-Amry et al. (2020) |
| Africa | |||
| Algeria | Complex Terminal aquifer, Ouargla Basin | 1-2 | Nezli et al. (2009) |
| Algeria | Complex Terminal aquifer, Hassi Messaoud | 1.6-2.9 | Kechiched et al. (2020) |
| Algeria | Tindouf, South Algeria | 0.16-3.31 | Nabbou et al. (2019b) |
| Algeria | South Algeria | 0.38-2.30 | Messaïtfa (2008) |
| Algeria, Tunisia | Continental Intercalaire aquifer | 0.4-6.0 | Edmunds et al. (2003) |
| Benin | Central | 0.0-7.19 | Tossou et al. (2017) |
| Botswana | Gantsi district | 0.5-> 5 | Smith and Sabone (1994) |
| Cameroon | Mayo Tsanaga River basin | 0.19-15.2 | Fantong et al. (2010) |
| Cameroon | Soda springs along Cameroon Volcanic Line | < 0.1-3.8 | Tanyileke et al. (1996) |
| Congo | Southeastern Brazzaville | 0.11-2.90 | Laurent and Marie (2010) |
| Egypt | South of Ismailia canal | 0.9-3.7 | Khalil et al. (2015) |
| Eritrea | River Anseba area | 0.68-3.73 | Srikanth et al. (2002) |
| Eritrea | Country-wide | < 0.1-17 | Zerai 1996) |
| Ethiopia | EAR | 1.2-36.0 | Tekle-Haimanot et al. (1987) |
| Ethiopia | EAR | < 1.0-> 13.0 | Tekle-Haimanot et al. (2006) |
| Ethiopia | EAR | 0.048-11.6 | Reimann et al. (2003) |
| Ethiopia | Central EAR | < 0.1-75.0 | Ayenew (2008) |
| Ethiopia | Central EAR | 1.1-18 | Rango et al. (2012) |
| Ethiopia | Central EAR | 1.06-61.6 | Rango et al. (2013) |
| Ethiopia | lower Ketar basin | 0.8-12.24 | Tolera et al. (2020) |
| Ethiopia | Awash Valley | 0.9-26 | Ashley and Burley (1995) |
| Ethiopia | EAR | 0.1-75 | Demelash et al. (2019) |
| Ethiopia | EAR | 0.1-72.5 | Furi et al. (2011) |
| Ethiopia | EAR | 0.48-5.61 | Haji et al. (2018) |
| Ghana | Bongo and environs | 0.07-3.12 | Anku et al. (2009) |
| Ghana | Bolgatanga & Bongo districts | 0.11-4.60 | Apambire et al. (1997) |
| Ghana | 11 districts in east section of northern region | < 0.02-11.6 | Salifu et al. (2012) |
| Ghana | Kassana Nankana West & Bongo districts | 0.11-4.27 | Ganyaglo et al. (2019) |
| Ghana | Bolgatanga area, northern Ghana | 0.05-3.20 | Smedley (1996) |
| Ghana | Northeast Ghana | 0.01-8.40 | Sunkari et al. (2020) |
| Ghana | Northeast Ghana | 0.35-3.95 | Zango et al. (2021) |
| Ivory Coast | Southern Abidjan | 0.06-16.78 | Osemwegie et al. (2013) |
| Kenya | Country-wide | 0.1-180 | Gaciri and Davies (1993) |
| Kenya | Central | 0.1-43.6 | Olaka et al. (2016) |
| Kenya | Turkana County | 0.22-18.74 | Tanui et al. (2020) |
| Kenya | Gilgil, Nakuru County | 0.026-21.5 | Wambu and Muthakia (2011) |
| Kenya | Country-wide | up to 57.0 | Nair et al. (1984) |
| Libya | Upper Sirte Basin | 0.63-3.6 | Edmunds (1994) |
| Libya | Alagilat city | 0.8-3.2 | Elmabrok (2015) |
| Malawi | Country-wide | 0.2-10.3 | Mapoma and Xie (2014) |
| Malawi | Southern region | < 0.1-47 | Bath (1980) |
| Malawi | Southern region review of literature | up to 20 (some hot springs) | Addison et al., 2020) |
| Malawi | Lower Shire Valley | 0.1-4.8 | Grimason et al. (2013) |
| Malawi | Nathenje, Lilongwe | < 0.5-7.02 | Msonda et al., (2007) |
| Morocco | Nationwide | 0.21-2.97 | El Jaoudi et al. (2012) |
| Morocco | Central | 0.12-3.21 | Karroum et al., 2017) |
| Namibia | Northwest region | 0.1-3.9 | Li et al. (2018b) |
| Namibia | Southwestern Kalahari | up to 10 | Simon et al. (2014) |
| Namibia | Northwest region | 0.1-15 | Wanke et al. (2014) |
| Niger | Tillabéri region | 0.1-1.49 | Salihou Djari et al. (2018) |
| Nigeria | Ogun State, southwest | 0.48-1.84 | Emenike et al. (2018) |
| Nigeria | Zango, Katsina State, northwest Nigeria | 0.10-3.16 | Tukur and Amadi (2014) |
| Nigeria | Langtang, north cental | 0.12-10.3 | Dibal et al. (2012) |
| Nigeria | southwestern | 0.1-3.2 | Gbadebo (2012) |
| Senegal | Western | 0.10-3.5 | Travi (1993) |
| Senegal | Country-wide | < 0.1-7.4 | Brouwer et al. (1988) |
| South Africa | Waterberg and Namaqualand | up to 31.8 | Abiye et al. (2018) |
| South Africa | Namakwaland | up to 5.9 | Makubalo and Diamond, (2020) |
| South Africa | Country-wide | up to 42.5 | Ncube (2002); Ncube and Schutte (2005) |
| South Africa | Siloam Village | up to 6.4 | Odiyo and Makungo (2012) |
| South Africa | Siloam Village | up to 6.74 | Makungo and Odiyo (2012); Odiyo and Makungo (2018) |
| South Africa | Mokopane area, Limpopo | 0.24-3.39 | Molekoa et al. (2019) |
| South Africa | Kwazulu-Natal | 0.1-12 | Elumalai et al. (2019) |
| South Africa | Western Karoo | 0.2-6.8 | Adams et al. (2001) |
| Sudan | Northern | 0.08-3.55 | Ibrahim et al. (1999) |
| Sudan | Butana area | 1.1-4.0 | Smith et al. (1953) |
| Sudan | Nubian Sandstone, Butana area | 0.29-6.2 | Edmunds (1994) |
| Tanzania | NE Mt. Meru slope, northern region | 0.05-3.11 | Ghiglieri et al. (2011) |
| Tanzania | Arumeru district, northern region, springs | 1.3-60.0 | Ghiglieri et al. (2010) |
| Tanzania | Northern region | 0.01-74.0 | Ijumulana et al. (2020) |
| Tanzania | Northern region | 4.0-9.6 | Kaseva (2006) |
| Tanzania | Arumeru district, northern region | 1.5-100 | Malago et al. (2020) |
| Togo | Hahotoe-Kpogame phosphorite mining area | 0.15-1.39 | Tanouayi et al. (2016) |
| Tunisia | Djeffara aquifer, northern Gabes, SE Tunisia | 0.55-2.8 | Alaya et al. (2014) |
| Tunisia | Continental Intercalaire aquifer, SW | 0.36-20.3 | Besser et al. (2019) |
| Tunisia | Continental Intercalaire and Complex Terminal aquifers | 0.1-2.3 | Travi (1993) |
| Tunisia | Tozeur oases, southern | 1.8-14.3 | Tarki et al. (2020) |
| Uganda | Kigezi, Toro, Acholi, Bugisu | 0.17-3.00 | Møller et al. (1970) |
| West Africa | Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo: White Volta River | 0.3-3.9 | Bam and Banshah (2020) |
| Zimbabwe | Gokwe, northwest | 0.6-11.0 | Mamuse and Watkins (2016) |
| Zimbabwe | Mid-Zambezi basin | < 0.1-5.3 | Larsen et al. (2002) |
| Europe | |||
| Europe | 712 determinations, 25 aquifers, 11 countries | <0.05-5.60 | Shand and Edmunds (2008) |
| Czech Republic | Bohemian Massif | 0.07-6.2 | Pǎces (1987) |
| Estonia | Western | up to 6.1 | Karro and Rosentau (2005) |
| Estonia | Country-wide | 0.01-6.95 | Indermitte et al. (2007) |
| Estonia | Western | 0.01-6.95 | Karro et al. (2006) |
| Finland | Country-wide | < 0.1-5.0 | Lahermo et al. (1991) |
| Finland | Olkiluoto | 0.21-5.45 | Pitkanen et al. (1996) |
| Finland | Finnish Lapland | 0.01-2.09 | Lahermo (1970) |
| France | Aquitaine basin | 1.1-22.9 | Gal et al. (2021) |
| Germany | Münsterland, northwest | < 0.1-9.64 | Wisotzky et al. (2017) |
| Germany | Münsterland, northwest | < 0.01-8.80 | Queste et al. (2001) |
| Greece | Country-wide | < 0.05-3.1 | Karavoltsos et al. (2008) |
| Greece | Aigion | 0.2-8.2 | Katsanou et al., 2013) |
| Greece | Thriassion plain | 0.1-9.94 | Hermides and Stamatis, 2017) |
| Hungary | Country-wide | 0.3-6.2 | Fordyce et al. (2007) |
| Italy | Latium, central Italy | 0.1-6.1 | Parrone et al. (2020) |
| Italy | Central Italy | 0.01-16.5 | Cinti et al. (2019) |
| Italy | Campania | up to 8.1 | Mastrocicco et al. (2019) |
| Italy | Campania | 0.15-20.8 | Corniello and Ducci (2014) |
| Italy | Campania | 3.7-22 | Ducci and Sellerino (2012) |
| Italy | Lugiane spa, Calabria | 0.68-4.34 | Vespasiano et al. (2014) |
| Italy | Bagni di Lucca, Tuscany | 0.04-4.1 | Boschetti et al. (2005) |
| Moldova | Country-wide | 0.1-16.2 | Fordyce et al. (2007) |
| Norway | Central | < 0.05-3.64 | Sæther et al. (1995) |
| Norway | Western | 0.51-8.0 | Bårdsen et al. (1999) |
| Norway | Country-wide, crystalline rock aquifers | up to 8.26 | Banks et al. (1998) |
| Norway | Hordaland County | < 0.02-9.48 | Bårdsen et al. (1996) |
| Portugal | São Miguel Island, Azores | 0.2-2.0 | Cordeiro et al. (2021) |
| Sardinia | Northern area | 0.1-3.6 | Cuccuru et al. (2020) |
| Sardinia | Island-wide | < 0.01-13 | Biddau et al. (2017) |
| Scandinavia | Bottled groundwater | 0.018-2.59 | Frengstad et al. (2010) |
| Scandinavia | Tap water | 0.0015-1.35 | Frengstad et al. (2010) |
| Serbia | Bujanovac Valley | 1.2-6.6 | Krunić et al. (2013) |
| Serbia | Ritopek | 0.11-4.14 | Antonijevic et al. (2016) |
| Slovakia | Country-wide | 0.01-4.0 | Fordyce et al. (2007) |
| Spain | Salamanca Province | 0.12-15.1 | Garcia-Prieto et al. (2012) |
| Spain | Selva basin | 0.1-15.4 | Folch et al., 2011) |
| Spain | Tenerife | 0.97-9.40 | Hardisson et al., 2001) |
| Sweden | Stripa mine underground research laboratory | 0.22-5.8 | Davis and Nordstrom ( 1992); Nordstrom et al. (1989) |
| Sweden | Äspo underground research laboratory | 1.5-4.0 | Smellie et al. (1995) |
| Sweden | Laxemar, southeast | 0.3-7.4 | Berger et al. (2016) |
| Sweden | Southeast | < 0.2-3.4 | Berger et al. (2012) |
| Switzerland | Gotthard rail tunnel | 1.58-28.9 | Bucher et al. (2012); Seelig and Bucher (2010) |
| Switzerland | NAGRA deep boreholes (74.9 to 2267 m depth) | 0.34-15.4 | Pearson (1989) |
| Turkey | Country-wide | 0.7-12.5 | Oruc (2008) |
| Turkey | Kaman region, central Anatolia | 0.17-4.86 | Ӧzmen et al. (2011) |
| Turkey | Kirsehir region | 0.63-5.70 | Uras et al. (2011) |
| Ukraine | Country-wide | 0.00-8.8 | Fordyce et al. (2007) |
| Latin America | |||
| All Countries | Arid, semi-arid, geothermal, and mining areas | 0.1-90 | Alarcón-Herrera et al. (2013) |
| South America | |||
| Argentina | Claromecó basin, south Pampean plain | 0.64-5.0 | Sosa et al. (2019) |
| Argentina | Los Pereyas | < 0.05-8.3 | Warren et al. (2005) |
| Argentina | Chaco-Pampean plain | 0.03-29 | Smedley et al. (2002) |
| Argentina | Quequen River basin | 0-5.7 | Martinez et al. (2012) |
| Argentina | Chaco-Pampean plain, Robles County | 0.1-4.7 | Bundschuh et al. (2004) |
| Argentina | Del Azul Creek basin, Pampean plain | 0.10-2.76 | Zabala et al. (2021) |
| Argentina | Santiago del Estero Province | 0.01-2.80 | Rondano Gómez et al. (2020) |
| Argentina | La Pampa Province, northeast | 0.5-14.2 | Alcaine et al. (2020) |
| Argentina | Península Valdés, Patagonia | 0.31-4.9 | Alvarez and Carol (2019) |
| Argentina | Chaco plain, northern | 0.05-4.6 | Rocha et al. (2017) |
| Argentina | Napostá Grande Brook, Buenos Aires Province | 0.70-15 | Puccia et al. (2018) |
| Argentina | Springs at San Antonio de los Cobres | up to 8.04 | Hudson-Edwards and Archer (2012) |
| Argentina | Langueyú Creek basin, Pampean plain | 0.44-1.68 | Barranquero et al. (2017) |
| Argentina | La Ballenera catchment, SE of Buenos Aires | 1.1-2.5 | Calvi et al. (2016) |
| Argentina | NE of Buenos Aires Province | 0.40-1.95 | Borzi et al. (2015) |
| Argentina | Chaco-Pampean plain | 0.051-7.34 | Nicolli et al. (2012) |
| Argentina | Chaco plain, central west | 0.1-4.2 | Blanes et al. (2011) |
| Argentina | Cordoba Province | 0.42-5.34 | Francisca and Perez (2009) |
| Argentina | Coronel Moldes, Chaco-Pampean plain | 0.50-12.0 | Gomez et al. (2009) |
| Argentina | Coronel Moldes, Chajan, Buenos Aires | 0.3-18.0 | Gomez and Londoño (2011) |
| Argentina | Los Pereyras, Tucumán Province | < 0.05-8.3 | Warren et al. (2005) |
| Argentina | Coronel Dorrego, Buenos Aires Province | up to 18.2 | Paoloni et al. (2003) |
| Argentina | Sauce Grande River basin, Buenos Aires | 0.2-5.0 | Kruse and Ainchil (2003) |
| Argentina | Sierras Pampeanas de Cordoba | 1.99-2.87 | García et al. (2012) |
| Brazil | Country-wide | 0.02-4.8 | Lima et al. (2019) |
| Brazil | Country-wide | 0.0-17.5 | Cangussu et al. (2002) |
| Brazil | Country-wide (1990 database) | 0.14-10.2 | Bonotto and Roveratti (2017) |
| Brazil | Tubarão aquifer, São Paulo state | 0.02-64.2 | Bonotto and Roveratti (2017) |
| Brazil | Guarani aquifer, southern | 0.2-11 | Marimon et al. (2013) |
| Brazil | Guarani aquifer, southern | 2.3-5.5 | Luiz et al. (2019) |
| Brazil | Southern | < 0.01-5.30 | Marimon et al. (2007) |
| Brazil | Serro do Ramalho, western Bahia | 0.11-2.15 | Goncalves et al. (2018) |
| Brazil | São Paulo | 0.01-10.0 | Martins et al. (2018) |
| Brazil | Paraná basin, south eastern Brazil | up to 8.75 | Ezaki et al. (2016) |
| Brazil | São João do Rio do Peixe. northeast | 0.11-9.33 | Souza et al. (2013) |
| Brazil | 7 rural communities in Minas Gerais | 1.4-4.8 (averages) | Ferreira et al. (2010) |
| Brazil | Salto–Indaiatuba region, São Paulo | 0.0-6.95 | Hypolito et al. (2010) |
| Brazil | Serra Geral aquifer, southern | up to 3.03 | Nanni et al. (2009) |
| Brazil | Porto Alegre, southern | < 0.2-5.5 | Viero et al. (2009) |
| Brazil | Minas Gerais, northern | 0.0-11.0 | Martínez et al. (2010) |
| Brazil | Botucatu aquifer, Paraná basin | 0.11-2.04 | Kimmelmann e Silva et al. (1989) |
| Chile | Atacama Desert | 0.343-4.32 | Rissmann et al. (2015) |
| Uruguay | Guarani aquifer | 0.024-1.528 | Machado et al. (2019) |
| North America | |||
| Mexico | Country-wide | up to 29.6 | Alarcón-Herrera et al. (2020) |
| Mexico | Country-wide | 0.01-> 6.0 | Aguilar-Díaz et al. (2017) |
| Mexico | Country-wide | 0.2-8.0 | Diaz-Barriga et al. (1997) |
| Mexico | Country-wide (and Tenextepango, Morelos) | 0.001-25 (0.5-1.9) | Álvarez et al. (2016) |
| Mexico | Tenextepango, Morelas | 0.2-1.9 | Huizar-Álvarez et al. (2014) |
| Mexico | Mexico City | 0.06-0.64 | Edmunds et al. (2002) |
| Mexico | Hermosillo City, Sonora | 0.49-7.59 | Valenzuela-Vásquez et al. (2006) |
| Mexico | Durango | 2.7-9.3 | Martínez-Cruz et al. (2020) |
| Mexico | Durango city, Durango | 2.22-7.23 | Frechero et al. (2013) |
| Mexico | San Luis Potosí | 0.20-3.50 | Fernández-Macias et al. (2020) |
| Mexico | San Luis Potosí | 0.32-3.65 | Cardona et al. (2018) |
| Mexico | San Luis Potosí | 0.38-4.56 | Ramos-Leal et al. (2007) |
| Mexico | San Luis Potosí | 0.20-3.65 | Carrillo-Rivera et al. (1996) |
| Mexico | Celaya Valley, central | 0.51-7.1 | Morales-Arredondo et al. (2020) |
| Mexico | Four cities of Los Altos de Jalisco | < 0.10-18.58 | Hurtado and Gardea-Torresdey (2004) |
| Mexico | Independence basin, Guanajuato | 0.1-16.0 | Knappett et al., 2018; LaFayette et al. (2020) |
| Mexico | Guadalajar aquifer | 0.0-4.9 | Moran-Ramirez et al. (2016) |
| Mexico | Chihuahua | 0.05-11.8 | González-Horta et al. (2015) |
| Mexico | Tabalaopa, Aldama, Dolores valleys, Chihuahua | 1.06-4.55 | Reyes-Gomez et al. (2013) |
| Mexico | Mezquital valley, central | 0.11-4.81 | Lesser-Carrillo et al. (2011) |
| Mexico | Ensenada County, Baja California | 0.2-2.5 | Daesslé et al. (2009) |
| Mexico | Central | 1.5-16 | Ortega-Guerrero (2009) |
| Mexico | Chihuahua | < 0.0455-9.71 | Mahlknecht et al. (2008) |
| USA | Country-wide | < 0.1-70.3 | McMahon et al. (2020) |
| USA | Country-wide (NAWQA data) | 1-7.89 | Gross et al. (2012) |
| USA | South eastern coastal plain aquifer | < 0.01-5.2 | Lee (1993) |
| USA | Rio Grande basin, New Mexico | 0.1-7.5 | Frenzel et al. (1992) |
| USA | Santa Fe group aquifers, middle Rio Grande | 0.11-6.40 | Plummer et al. (2004) |
| USA | South Carolina coastal plain aquifers | up to 5.8 | Johnson and Rhett (1981) |
| USA | San Luis Valley, Colorado | 0.1-24 | Powell (1958) |
| USA | San Luis Valley, shallow aquifer only | 0.1-1.7 | Anderholm (1996) |
| USA | San Luis Valley, Colorado | 0.1-6.4 | Edelman and Buckles (1984) |
| USA | Virginia coastal plain | < 0.1-30.0 | McFarland (2010) |
| USA | Northern Atlantic coastal plain aquifers | < 0.01-6.4 | Back (1966) |
| USA | Fall zone, Virginia coastal aquifers | < 0.1-7.7 | Cederstrom (1946) |
| USA | New England groundwaters | < 0.2-17.9 | Flanagan et al. (2018) |
| USA | Virginia coastal plain | < 0.1-6.3 | Focazio et al. (1992) |
| USA | Atlantic and Gulf coastal aquifers | 0.01-5.82 | Degnan et al. (2020) |
| USA | Southwest | 0.5-10 | Robertson (1991) |
| USA | Madison limestone aquifer, north central | < 0.1-5.4 | Busby et al. (1991) |
| USA | Owens Lake groundwaters | 1.1-45 | Levy et al. (1999) |
| USA | Red River Valley, New Mexico (debris fans) | 0.60-20.1 | Naus et al. (2005); Nordstrom et al. (2005) |
| USA | Marathon County, Wisconsin | < 0.01-7.60 | Ozsvath (2006) |
| USA | Sangre de Cristo mountains, New Mexico | < 0.01-6.5 | Linhoff et al. (2016) |
| USA | Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, California | 0.17-12.6 | Mathany et al. (2012) |
| USA | California, state-wide | 0.09-8.22 | Kent (2015) |
| USA | Western Nevada | 0.3-4.1 | Lico and Seiler (1994) |
| USA | Northern New Mexico | < 0.01-6.5 | Linhoff et al. (2016) |
| USA | Carson & Eagle Valleys, CA, NV | < 0.1-7.5 | Welch (1994) |
| Canada | Southern Quebec | < 0.1-12.0 | Bondu et al. (2020) |
| Canada | Southern Quebec | < 0.1-1.4 | Saby et al. (2016) |
| Canada | Southern Quebec | 0.05-3.6 | Montcoudiol et al. (2015) |
| Canada | Gaspé peninsula | up to 28 mg/L | Boyle and Chagnon (1995) |
| Canada | Lake Saint-Martin, Manitoba (impact crater) | up to 15.2 | Leybourne et al. (2008) |
| Canada | Lake Saint-Martin, Manitoba (impact crater) | up to 15.1 | Desbarats (2009) |
| Canada | Alberta basin formation waters | 0.01-22.0 | Hitchon (1995) |
| Canada | Southeastern Manitoba, granite batholith | 0.37-8.10 | Gascoyne (2004) |
| Canada | Langley township, lower Fraser Valley, B.C. | < 0.01-2.08 | de Albuquerque and Kirste (2012) |
| Canada | Canadian Shield deep groundwaters | 0.07-26.9 | Frape and Fritz (1987) |
| Canada | Canadian Shield deep groundwaters | < 0.2-4.5 | Gascoyne et al. (1987) |
| Canada | East coast Vancouver Island, B.C. | up to 13.4 | Kohut and Hodge (1985) |
| Australia | |||
| Australia | Great Artesian Basin | 0.06-3.8 | Herczeg et al. (1991) |